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法院明确承认隐私权一个判例是1965年的Griswold v. Connecticut (381 U.S. 479 (1965)) 。在那一案件中,最高法院宣止避孕的制定法无效,因为它侵犯了隐私权。道格拉斯大法官写作了判决意见,主张“权利法案所开列的保证书有自己的阴影地带,它的形成来自支撑权利法案存在与主旨的保证条款的发散”。[2]于是,尽管宪法根本没有提到隐私权,但它是第一、三、四修正案所保护和服务的价值(在第一修正案中体现为对集会权利的保护)。道格拉斯大法官回到了第九修正案的文本,“本宪法对某些权利的列举,不得被解释为否定或忽视由人民保留的其他权利。”显然,他是支持如下考虑的:尽管文本自身的明确所指是缺席的,但这些阴影地带的权利受一项或几项修正案的保护。此外,在该案中,写作判决书的 道格拉斯以及参与附议的其他三位大法官都没有诉诸沃伦与布兰代斯所提出的隐私权。

美国的司法运作与自然法理论之间存在距离,而第九修正案的有效性依据的是(可称为)对民族精神的司法反省。道格拉斯大法官在判决中诉诸于历史和第九修正案来发现宪法中的“隐私权”。“第九修正案的语言和历史表明,宪法的起草者相信不受政府侵犯的别的基本权利的存在,它们独立于前八项宪法修正案所具体规定的基本权利。有人认为诸如婚姻关系中的隐私权这样的基本且根植于美国社会的权利是可以遭到侵犯的,这一主张完全漠视了第九修正案以及作用。进而言之,如果有司法解释称鉴于前八项修正案或别的宪法条款没有作明确规定,这一基本权利不受宪法保护,那么,这一解释就违反了第九修正案……我并非认为,第九修正案构成的不受州和联邦政府侵犯的权利的独立渊源。我的看法是,第九修正案表明了宪法起草者的确信,即:存在着前八项修正案未明确列举的基本权利;表明了他们的意图,宪法对权利的列举并不是穷尽的。”因此,尽管道格拉斯的意见不试图将第九修正案视为宪法保护(constitutional guarantees)的独立渊源,但的确认为它指示说,——法院的职能在于否决立法和行政机关侵犯其他基本权利的行为。

直到最高法院在Griswold v. Connecticut案中依据婚姻关系中的隐私权作出有争议的判决之前,对隐私权的宪法保护并没有超出普通法所认可的侵权行为的范围。从修正案的文本和及其起源[3]来看,第九修正案不过是一个解释规则,表明权利法案在没有列举的领域不具有增加联邦政府权力的意涵,而其本身并不是权利的保证抑或针对侵权的禁令。然而,在Griswold v. Connecticut案中,第九修正案已经被解释为有关权利存在的积极主张;那些权利存在于“未书写的宪法中”,虽未得以列举但受其他条款保护。另一方面,在本案中持异议的布莱克法官在其异议的一个脚注中,抨击了多数意见,认为他们不该将普通法权利提升到宪法的位置。布莱克法官注意到了自然法意涵上的有关隐私权的证明,评论道:“我注意到了判决书中的这样一句话,‘在此,隐私权迫切要求获得承认。’我不能理解,本院何以有权将沃伦与布兰代斯基于侵权发上的救济所探讨的权利提升到宪法规则的层面,以至于最高法院要运用这个规则来禁止州的立法机关制定其视为干预‘隐私’的任何法律”。

自从最高法院作出意涵丰富的Griswold v. Connecticut案的判决之后,最高法院对诸如“隐私”的未列举权利的表述不可避免地导致了“隐私”在自由领域的殖民趋势,并带来了在隐私的政治和社会基础与作为个人权利的有关“隐私”的说明之间的混淆-

下面是更多关于connecticut的问答

最佳贡献者
2

美国法律到底有没有规定不能堕胎

这属于州法范围。各州法律不一。也就是说,有的州可以,有的州不可以。当然也都各有许多其它情况。
3

row versus wade 指的美国什么堕胎案?

我也是看到这个视频来寻找答案的、、、
4

美国历史上著名的罗伊诉韦德案引发的思考:

为什么?
5

英美文化考题~英语大虾进~追加分

Civil and political rights are a class of rights ensuring things such as the protection of peoples' physical integrity; procedural fairness in law; protection from discrimination based on gender, religion, race, etc; individual freedom of belief, speech, association, and the press; and political participation. Contrast with economic, social and cultural rights. Civil and political rights are included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and elaborated upon in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

The theory of three generations of human rights considers these to be first-generation rights, and most (but not all) of them are considered to be negative rights.

Examples of civil rights and liberties include the right to get redress if injured by another, the right to privacy, the right of peaceful protest, the right to a fair investigation and trial if suspected of a crime, and more generally-based constitutional rights such as the right to vote, the right to personal freedom, the right to freedom of movement and the right of equal protection.

Laws guaranteeing civil rights may be written down, derived from custom, or implied. In the United States and most continental European countries, civil rights laws are most often written. As civilizations emerged and their laws were formalized through written constitutions, some of the more important civil rights were granted to citizens. When those grants were later found inadequate, civil rights movements emerged as the vehicle for claiming more equal protection for all citizens and advocating new laws to restrict the effects of discrimination.

Implied rights are rights that a court may find to exist even though not expressly guaranteed by written law or custom, on the theory that a written or customary right must necessarily include the implied right. One famous (and controversial) example of a right implied from the U.S. Constitution is the "right to privacy", which the U.S. Supreme Court found to exist in the 1965 case of Griswold v. Connecticut. In the 1973 case of Roe v. Wade, the court found that state legislation prohibiting or limiting abortion violated this right to privacy. As a rule, state governments can expand civil rights beyond the U.S. Constitution, but they cannot diminish Constitutional rights.

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